The Korean War Essay Paper Example For Students

The Korean War Essay Paper The Korean WarFor hundreds of years Korea was dominated by the Chinese empire. After Japan was defeated by the allies in WW II., Korea became occupied by the Russians in the North and the Americans in the South. Both the U.S. and the Soviets realized that Korea was a strategic country. It was important to occupy because it lay between China, Japan, and the Soviet Union. North and South Korea were divided by the 38th parallel, it split the country into two regions. Russia and America became politically involved in Korea, each set up strong governments. The United States wanted Korea to be held under democratic rule, while the Soviets wanted communist rule. They took these conflicting views to the United Nations (UN), which had just been set up to prevent another world war and help with international elections. The UN decided that both sides of Korea should have their own elections. The elections were held on January 12, 1948. North Korea favoured communism, the people elected the Russ ians and Kim Il Sung, a former guerrilla leader. South Korea favoured democracy and formed the Republic of Korea under U.S. educated, Dr. Sygman Rhee. The Soviets left a communist dictatorship with a well-trained, well armed, North Korean-Soviet army. In fear of the North Koreans newly developed strength, the U.S. left South Korea with some small arms and military advisors. We will write a custom essay on The Korean War Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Korean War dates from June 1950 to July 1953. The war started on June 25 1950, when a Northern Korean(-Soviet) army invaded South Korea. The attack happened without the instructions and without the knowledge of Communist Russia or the Republic of China. The struggle started as a civil war, because Kim Il Sung choose the date for the attack. The date for the attack was badly taken, because the Soviet Union was boycotting the security Council of the UN at that time (due to the fact, that a communist representative from China was not allowed to enter the council). The Soviet Union would have been able to veto any military moves against North Korea until the war was over. Unfortunately Kim Il Sung took the initiative and invaded South Korea, where a growing opposition welcomed the Northern Korean leader as a liberator and as the one, who re-united the two Koreas. After Acheson (Secretary of State) had heard of the attack, he decided that the United States should put the matter before the United Nations. He then called President Truman and got his approval. The Security Council of the United Nations decided to give arms and equipment to the Republic of Korea and it authorized General Macarthur to stabilize the combat situation with his forces. The attack was seen as a violation of international peace by the Security Council. It was necessary to repel the armed attack and regain international peace and security in the area. This was the first time that the United Nations used military intervention to maintain peace. The UN had to be interpreted in a completely different way, because it was thought to be a peacekeeping organ with peaceful means. However this changed dramatically, when the Security Council decided to use military force even indirectly against one of its members. Korea has become a battlefield between Russia and the United States. Both super-powers supported their part of Korea with planes (Mig15 and F-86 Sabre), troops, equipment and battle-ships. However both sides were very careful with the arm-supplies, which were sent to Korea, because they feared that one side could use an atomic bomb to finish the struggle. During the first period of the war the Southern Korean forces were fought back to the southern coast into a very small region around the port city of Pusan, where the aggressors were finally stopped. General Macarthur sent troops behind enemy lines with amphibious vehicles so that the siege could be broken in a very efficient way. The American troops were able to push the enemies back behind the 38th parallel. When they had reached the Yalu river Chinese forces joined the Northern Korean army. The reinforced army was successful in re-capturing Seoul on January 4, 1951. There, they were not able to engage the enemy in fighting, due to a lack of supplies. On January 25 Operation Killer started in which the American army pushed the enemy back to a line slightly north of the 38th parallel, which remained stationary for the rest of the war due to strong siege forces. During that time Truman changed its aggressive policy to a moderate policy, because he feared a bitter war in which America would have to face China and Russia, which would have meant WW III.. This is why president Truman removed the aggressive General Macarthur from his office and replaced him with General Ridgway, who was successful in defending the 38th parallel with his strategy known as the active defense. In July 1953, the truce agreement was signed after a series of diplomatic problems about prisoners of war. The casualties were enormous on both sides and the social and economic damage was countless.

Free Essays on Little Secretaries

Look at our life today; look how it has changed. Just one hundred years ago we could see O’Henry’s little secretaries typing for ten hours a day. Weak and deprived of rights, they could be easily dismissed, experience sexual harassment or encounter health problems. They had nobody to be protected by, nobody to turn to. Dark rooms, bad air, and sitting for whole day. It was cruel, but innocent world. Hours, after work, spent in front of windows of an underwear store, cheap food and little dark rooms with gas lighting in the evenings. When she stepped outside her office, she forgot where she worked, she stayed alone with herself, she was on her own planet, she was in her own world. Today we can see the same girl in front of the same underwear store with a mobile phone in her hand giving orders to bank or suppliers. Life has changed. Rhythm has changed. Conditions have changed. For good or bad? Our little hero can’t be dismissed anymore, just because boss’s wife doesn’t like her. She can’t be forced to make things she doesn’t want to do. There are days when she works for 16 hours, twice more than she should, but she is paid for these hours. Her office is cozy, bright, and comfortable. She can be promoted. She can be sent to learn. She is protected and independent. But no matter where she goes with her mobile phone on her - it’s on. Always. We find ourselves today, at the beginning of the Twenty-first century, in bright well air-conditioned offices, protected by contracts in our pockets and by armies of different employees associations. We have become more productive with the help of personal computers, electronic mail, scanners, facsimile machines, and voice message systems. Our mobile phone can take us out of bed to solve urgent problems. â€Å"Super† clients can keep us at work on the birthday of our little daughter. Where is our privacy? Where is our real life? â€Å"Buying† rules have changed and so have â€Å"sellingï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Little Secretaries Free Essays on Little Secretaries Look at our life today; look how it has changed. Just one hundred years ago we could see O’Henry’s little secretaries typing for ten hours a day. Weak and deprived of rights, they could be easily dismissed, experience sexual harassment or encounter health problems. They had nobody to be protected by, nobody to turn to. Dark rooms, bad air, and sitting for whole day. It was cruel, but innocent world. Hours, after work, spent in front of windows of an underwear store, cheap food and little dark rooms with gas lighting in the evenings. When she stepped outside her office, she forgot where she worked, she stayed alone with herself, she was on her own planet, she was in her own world. Today we can see the same girl in front of the same underwear store with a mobile phone in her hand giving orders to bank or suppliers. Life has changed. Rhythm has changed. Conditions have changed. For good or bad? Our little hero can’t be dismissed anymore, just because boss’s wife doesn’t like her. She can’t be forced to make things she doesn’t want to do. There are days when she works for 16 hours, twice more than she should, but she is paid for these hours. Her office is cozy, bright, and comfortable. She can be promoted. She can be sent to learn. She is protected and independent. But no matter where she goes with her mobile phone on her - it’s on. Always. We find ourselves today, at the beginning of the Twenty-first century, in bright well air-conditioned offices, protected by contracts in our pockets and by armies of different employees associations. We have become more productive with the help of personal computers, electronic mail, scanners, facsimile machines, and voice message systems. Our mobile phone can take us out of bed to solve urgent problems. â€Å"Super† clients can keep us at work on the birthday of our little daughter. Where is our privacy? Where is our real life? â€Å"Buying† rules have changed and so have â€Å"sellingï ¿ ½...

A Short Quiz About Emphasis

A Short Quiz About Emphasis A Short Quiz About Emphasis A Short Quiz About Emphasis By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, there is a deviation from one of the conventions about how to convey emphasis in writing. Identify the error, and then check below for corrected versions followed by explanations. 1. â€Å"So-called ‘notification laws’ require businesses to notify customers when certain unencrypted customer data is improperly accessed.† 2. â€Å"Thus the question is not one of quality, but of quantity.† 3. â€Å"I suppose this was the moment when I was supposed to experience a sensation of ‘being one with the universe,’ but I just wasn’t feeling it.† 4. â€Å"With a strident vigor that arrested the attention of all present, she shouted, ‘YOU JUST DON’T GET IT, DO YOU?’† 5. â€Å"After seeing this movie, I just have one thing to say: ‘I want those two hours of my life back!!!’† Answers 1. â€Å"So-called notification laws require businesses to notify customers when certain unencrypted customer data is improperly accessed.† Explanation: Quotation marks employed to highlight a word or phrase, known as scare quotes, are almost invariably unnecessary, and are redundant to the phrase so-called. (Note that in the previous sentence, I didn’t enclose the introduced slang term â€Å"scare quotes† as I explained, these quotation marks are superfluous. However, I did use quotation marks around the phrase in this parenthesis, just as I italicized so-called above and here because that’s how open phrases and words or hyphenated phrases, respectively, are styled when used as names of concepts rather than as the concepts themselves.) 2. â€Å"Thus the question is not one of quality, but of quantity.† Explanation: Italicization of key words can be appropriate but is often overused. Use your judgment to determine whether your point needs such emphasis or whether you can rely on readers to get it without special treatment of words. Usually, they will, and if you doubt it, perhaps your point needs to be expressed more clearly. 3. â€Å"I suppose this was the moment when I was supposed to experience a sensation of Being One with the Universe, but I just wasn’t feeling it.† Explanation: Using quotation marks in this case isn’t necessarily the wrong approach, and it’s appropriate if someone a guru, for instance previously used these words, but if the intent is mockery, sarcasm, or irony, it may not be effective. Using headline-style initial capital letters is the conventional approach for conveying such a tone. 4. â€Å"With a strident vigor that arrested the attention of all present, she shouted, ‘You just don’t get it, do you!’† Explanation: Except in display copy (headlines, headings, and the like), using all capital letters is an awkward distraction. Let the narrative carry the emphasis; note that in the sample sentence, thanks to the expressive description in the introductory phrase, the quotation could even get by with a question mark alone (though, because it’s a rhetorical question, the exclamation point is suitable). 5. â€Å"After seeing this movie, I just have one thing to say: ‘I want those two hours of my life back.’† Explanation: Again, let the narrative do the work. Multiple exclamation points have no place in writing, except to mimic a hormone-addled adolescent. And avoid even single exclamation points; usually, they’re extraneous, and if they’re not, they’re probably a crutch for inexpressive writing. Isn’t the deadpan tone implied by the lack of an exclamation point in the sample sentence above more effective than the impotent peevishness that an exclamation point would suggest? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterWhat's a Male Mistress?The "Pied" in The Pied Piper

Discuss by collecting and analyzing historical data and by giving Essay - 1

Discuss by collecting and analyzing historical data and by giving up-to-date real life example(s) from the American, UK or Europ - Essay Example The large scale of these interferences has brought intense public inspection of the Federal Reserve's institutional and power structure. Particularly, many have questioned why the Fed has the liberty to engage in such proceedings without the explicit approval from president or the Congress. This political interruption of independence is generally referred to as the independence of central bank. This essay focuses on assessing why Congress made the Fed’s independent when it created it in 1913. The important point to remember is that giving the central bank independence is the greatest way for governments to tie their own hands and put an end to them from misusing economic policies for temporary political causes. In the year of 1913, Congress purposefully formed the Federal Reserve as an independent and self-governing central bank, which formed a fundamental tension: how to guarantee that the Fed remains answerable to the voters without losing its independence. Over the years, t here have been various changes in the structure of Fed to improve its credibility, independence, answerability, and transparency. These changes have guided to a healthier institutional design that ultimately renders policy believable and based on sound financial reasoning, as against politics. In times of economic and financial crisis, there is a comprehensible tendency to reexamine the structure and formation of the Federal Reserve System. A central bank's independence, on the other hand, is the key tool to guarantee a government not misusing monetary strategy for short-term political reasons. In a currently well-known article that was published in the year of 1993, Summers and Alesina found that developed (advanced) nations with high levels of central bank independence also practiced lower average levels of inflation rate from the period of 1955-1988 (Farlex 2013: 1). Figure 1 reprints the chart from their essay, which clearly demonstrates this negative relation. Central Bank Inde pendence and Inflation: â€Å" Figure 1 Central Bank Independence versus Average Inflation. (Louis 2009: 1) More recently, as the top diagram in Figure 2 demonstrates, global inflation has slowed highly since the mid-1990s. On the other hand, as the bottom two diagrams point out, the rapid fall in global inflation was primarily due to growths in emerging marketplace and developing countries. In the advanced nations, the slowing happened much earlier, in the early 1980s. There were numerous causes for the global decline in inflation since the late 1980s, and this included stronger commitments to stability of the price (superior monetary policies), high rates of growth of productivity and the forces of globalization that increased rivalry and enhanced the elasticity of product and labor markets. As recommended by Summers and Alesina, increased independence of central bank appears to be another key motive for the decline in worldwide inflation (Farlex 2013: 1). As publicized in the ta ble below, there was a noticeable increase in central bank independence among the period 1980-89 and 2003. Though this trend was apparent and noticeable among advanced countries, it was particularly visible among developing countries and emerging market. Indeed, majority of the reforms that enhanced independence of the central bank occurred for the period of the 1990s and were in response to high levels of inflatio

Briefing on impact of current trends or future of PR for CEO's 'TED' Essay

Briefing on impact of current trends or future of PR for CEO's 'TED' speech - Essay Example Earlier, during the initial period of human civilization, communication brought revolution in human life, and their lifestyles were improved significantly. However, with increasing complexities in human life, the process of communication has become for complex and advanced. Presently, proper and systemic communication is considered as one of the major necessity for social improvements. In the post-modern age, communicational process has acquired considerable importance. With the gradual globalisation and modernisation, various aspects of communication have been categorized and their importance has been identified for bring constant improvements. Public relation is one of the major concepts that have been derived during the last three decades. Moreover, public relation is also an integral part of an economy and its society. The governing authorities and political powers use public relation for communicating their message to the mass population in a democratic society. David W. Guth ha s identifies that public relation has an important contribution in emerging a democratic society as it â€Å"plays a critical role in the free flow of information in democratic societies† (Guth, 2000). During the social crisis, proper communication through public relation is genuine remedy to settle down the prevailing issues. This paper will attempt to present the on impact of current trends or future of public relation. The briefing on the stated topic will focus to contribute for the preparations of a TED speech delivered by CEO. Therefore, it is necessary to explain and cover the important aspects of public relation that have significant impacts on public relation related philosophy, issues and multiple strategies for future success. In this process, at first, the importance of public relation in post-modern organisation will be explained. Next, the impact of recent changes in public relation practise will be analysed by focusing on specific areas. The analysis of future of mutual understandings and two way communications are necessary for understanding the future trend of public relation. Next two sections will figure out major issues in public relation followed by a discussion on public relation strategies for reputation management. Finally, the overall discussions, analysis and findings will be concluded. Importance of Public Relation in Post Modern Organisation The growth of modern trade and business is major area where public relation plays very curial role. Due to globalisation and technological advancements business activities has undergone through multiple improvements. The process of communication and public relation has been enhanced with help of advanced technology. The post-modern organisations including non-profit and profit-making organisations have realized the necessity of proper public relation for their organisational reputation and success. It has become very vital tool for achieving the short term and long term organisational goa ls and objectives. The public relation practises in business organisation is major tasks in marketing activities that helps them in achieving competitive advantage and in developing consumer loyalty. Hiebing has provided a standard definition of public relatio

Weak Arguments Against Strong Encryption Essay Example for Free

Weak Arguments Against Strong Encryption Essay In her article entitled â€Å"Weak Arguments Against Strong Encryption,† Deborah Pierce, in taking an unequivocal position in the current debate about the use of encryption, tells the reader that under no circumstances whatsoever should unbreakable encryption be banned. She declares that â€Å"trying to ban strong encryption is not only futile and wrong, it is destructive as well. † In an effort to persuade the reader to take her side, Pierce endeavors to achieve what is called the rhetorical triangle or the use of ethical appeal, logical appeal, and emotional appeal in equal proportion. (Uga Writing Center, n. d. ) Although Pierce employs the three types of appeals, the intended rhetorical triangle is not evident. She commits certain miscalculations which leave the reader either unbelieving or annoyed. Pierce starts her campaign to persuade by establishing her ethical appeal. This she does by describing to the reader in an authoritative way what encryption is and how it works, effectively exhibiting her knowledge about the subject. She explains that the system is invaluable in that the secure communication that it guarantees â€Å"protect[s] trade secrets,† safeguards â€Å"sensitive information such as medical records, financial information and transactions,† and â€Å"protect[s] classified [government] information that we would not want to fall into enemy hands. † Rather effective because aside from showing that she knows her topic well, she also informs the reader that she only wants what the reader also requires. The author, however, commits her first miscalculation when she attempts to persuade the reader through his or her emotions. When she said that â€Å"Human rights organizations use encryption to communicate by email with people who would surely be tortured or killed if their communications were made known,† the reader is left rather dumbfounded. Many Americans realize that the sacrifices and the risks being taken by these activists as well as those who help them in their work are in defense of human rights. For this reason, Americans sympathize with them and certainly do not wish them any harm. However, to say that they or their contacts are in danger of being â€Å"tortured or killed† if their electronic mails are publicized or supplied to government authorities is stretching it a bit too far. Everybody knows that human rights activists are protesters and demonstrators, but they are not anarchists or communist revolutionaries who are out to overthrow the government. These people have no secrets which could be fatal for them or damaging to the government. This is almost certainly a scare tactic, or an appeal to fear. In other words, the author’s use of the second side of the rhetorical triangle – emotional appeal is a dismal failure. This leaves the third side of the rhetorical triangle: logical appeal. Pierce tries to use this tool – again, to no avail to argue against the key escrow system being pushed by Republican Senator Judd Gregg from New Hampshire. Under this system, a third party will be authorized to hold copies of the users’ â€Å"personal encryption keys. † These keys will be made available to law enforcement officers as the need arises and on a case to case basis, provided they can obtain the proper warrant from the court. Since rhetorical appeal is supposed to contain statements of authorities, Pierce has chosen to quote Craig Nathan who said that â€Å"Key escrow is the equivalent of allowing the government [to] install a web cam in your bedroom, which they could turn on without your permission or notification at any time they thought it might help combat terrorism. † This statement is highly hyperbolic, an extravagant exaggeration. Giving government access to a personal encryption key does not mean that it can take hold of it anytime. As experience has shown us, there are always guidelines and legal procedures established for such purposes. Terrorism should not be employed as a catchall term either because it could not be used to justify everything that government is doing. Pierce should do better than use terrorists as a red herring and blame them for everything bad occurring in the country today. After failing to employ the rhetorical triangle successfully, Pierce, therefore, fails to persuade the reader to adopt her view. References Pierce, D. (2007). Weak Arguments Against Strong Encryption. Seattle Press on Line. Retrieved July 21, 2007, from http://archive. seattlepressonline. com/article-9276. html Uga Writing Center. (n. d. ). The Rhetorical Triangle. Retrieved July 21, 2007, from http://www. english. uga. edu/writingcenter/writing/triangle. html

Servant Leadership vs the Common Core Essay -- Servant Leadership

If one wanted to look at a prime example of the practice of Servant Leadership, a person doesn’t have to look very far. It is found in every school in the form of teachers and educators. But recently implemented reforms like the Common Core have stymied teachers in their role of servant leaders. Servant Leadership is defined as a leadership that is based on serving others altruistically. Servant leaders put the wellbeing of their followers ahead of their own needs in order to see them grow to their fullest potential. The leader makes sure that their followers grow as persons, become wiser, healthier, freer, and more likely to become servant leaders themselves (Northouse, 2013). Behaviors that are at the core of Servant Leadership are integral to the teaching occupation. Being able to conceptualize allows a teacher to address problems creatively, which is necessary in teaching students of differing cultures, intellectual abilities and emotional maturity levels. Emotional healing speaks for itself; teachers, by nature of their job, have to be available for their students and provide them with support. Teachers do put their students first, often spending their own money (not their district’s money) on supplies that many students wouldn’t be able to have otherwise. Helping students grow and succeed is one of the core goals to teaching and ethical behavior is taught by teachers being an example of how to behave. Empowerment builds confidence for students to think and act on their own and by doing all of these things, teachers give back to the community when the students join the community as young adults, and as they become leaders themselves. Bu t in order to be able to perform all of these behaviors, teachers have to have th... ...ls. While there are many proponents and critics of the Common Core based on educational standards alone, from a leadership standpoint, the Common Core is detrimental. References Frequenty Asked Questions. (2014). Retrieved from Common Core State Standard Initiatives: http://www.corestandards.org/about-the-standards/frequently-asked-questions/ Minasian-Sommers, L. (2014, June 1). Common Core will harm education. Telegram & Gazette, p. A 13. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Strauss, V. (2014, January 18). Everything you need to know about Common Core — Ravitch. Retrieved from The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/01/18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-common-core-ravitch/ Townsend, S. (2014, January 30). Common Core is too rigid. Times Union.

A History of Oppression: the Mistreatment of Australian Aboriginals Essay

Cases of oppression are very much present within our world’s history, and even in most societies today. Being rich in history, Australia is a large example of oppression in our world. Not only can we find koala bears and kangaroos in the continent of Australia, but also the world’s oldest existing culture of aboriginal people (Aboriginal Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). For nearly 50,000 years, Australia has served as home to these ancient indigenous people (Aboriginal Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). Australia’s natives have been victims to oppression in many ways and for various reasons for nearly 200 years. They’re land had been taken over by European settlers, and later on they faced more oppression when attempts to assimilate Indigenous people into white society were made. For over a century, Australia’s aborigines have been faced with many racist prejudices and several severe cases of oppression. Issues amongst the indigenous people began in the late 1700’s, shortly after the arrival of European settlers. These new arrivals brought many changes to the native’s daily lives (Aboriginal Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). The Aboriginals had to deal with intruders of whom they had no prior knowledge of, and the vastly different societies and cultures of these two groups of people. As European colonization began to settle down, Australia’s aboriginals were seen as lower class and savage beings by the â€Å"superior† Europeans (Aboriginals Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). By the mid 1800’s, the Australian Government began to fear for the future of children Aborigines and issued the â€Å"Forced Assimilation Policy† in 1869 (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). It was not until the 1970’s that the Policy of Assimilation ended (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Although aboriginal rights have greatly evolved into the present, Australia’s natives still battle against many prejudices and acts of racism even in today’s society. These indigenous people are often labeled by others to be â€Å"wide-nosed and dark-skinned† and live their ancient tribal lifestyles filled with crime, violence and drinking. In addition, numerous people still believe in false Aboriginal stereotypes. For example, aboriginals are problematic, un-educated people who follow no religion, suffer from poor iets and are given too much welfare, all of which are not necessarily true (Stereotypes about Aboriginal Australians – Creativespirits. info). This issue is a very important part of Australian history. As we look deeper into the breakdown of Aboriginal mistreatment, many contributing factors can be found. The root of this issue can be traced back to the white settlement. With the arrival of the Europeans, Aboriginals were immediately faced with many problems. The Europeans brought along many new diseases and illnesses to which the Aboriginals had no immunity. Epidemics created by the smallpox and even the common cold instantly killed nearly half of the Aboriginal population, ultimately, creating a barrier between the indigenous people and the Europeans (History of Australia – EmbraceAustralia. com). This immediately put the Aborigines in an unfortunate position where they were now much weaker, and therefore deemed inferior to the settlers. Naturally, white settlers began asking the Indigenous people for their labour in exchange for goods, and claiming Aboriginal land for â€Å"economic purposes† (The Social, Cultural and Historical Context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians). The Aboriginal population, now considerably much smaller, had difficulty when proving ownership and power over their homeland. European settlers were now stronger and could claim territories easily. This contributed not only to the expansion of the European settlers and to the growth of their power, but also to the issue of oppression in Australia. Every day, people around the world of all races, genders, ages and cultures are faced with the degradation and suffering of racism and oppression. Australia’s Aboriginals and descendants are most certainly no stranger to these horrifying issues. During the Assimilation Policy, more than 100,000 indigenous children were separated from their Aboriginal families and homes (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Also, it is estimated that as a result of the white settlement more than 600,000 Aboriginal people had died from the spread of disease, malnutrition and poor living conditions (Racism in Australia, John Pilger). Other than obvious racial discrimination towards Australia’s natives, there are other reasons why these people were oppressed. In order for the European colonies in Australia to gain power and grow their economy, they needed land and labour-good exchanges. The European obtained these through the oppression of Indigenous people (The Social, Cultural and Historical Context of Aboriginal and torres Strait Islander Australians). The differences between the style of living of the Whites and the Aboriginals are huge. The Europeans often thought of the Indigenous people as savages and wished to eliminate their traditional and savage ways. In order to do so, they Australian Government issued the Forced Assimilation Policy in 1869. This policy ensured that Aboriginal children were systematically removed from their families, and placed with white families. The idea of this act being that the young children would learn and grow up to be modern, white Australians. The Government believed that the integration of Aboriginals into the ‘superior’ western lifestyle of the white people would be possible (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Many strongly believed in this policy for the â€Å"protection of future generations†, not knowing that they would end up with the ‘stolen generations’ of all the assimilated indigenous children (Armitage). Prejudices, Government Policies and non-existent legal rights are just a few of the methods of oppression the Aborigines have faced. The very first method of oppression against the Aboriginals was the removal of their ownership of land and properties, when the white settlement first began. This lead up to the abuse of aboriginal labour and poor working conditions. The effort to ‘protect’ and ‘integrate’ natives into white society with the Assimilation Policy during the mid 1800’s is possibly one of the most severe methods of oppression used in this issue. Even throughout the First World War, Aboriginals were banned from joining the army to fight for their rightful homeland . The Australian Government did not have many Aboriginal Rights until the 60’s and 70’s. Before 1962, Indigenous natives did not have the right to vote and four years later, in 1966, poor working conditions that applied solemnly to the aborigines were finally protested and acknowledged. It was not until 1967 that the Commonwealth Referendum obtained permission to create new laws and rights regarding indigenous people. Some even believe, although highly doubtful, that the spread of new diseases by the Europeans was an attempt at potential genocide towards the natives. This method is still often debated (Aboriginal Rights – EmbraceAustralia. com). Lest we forget, that along with all of these events during the years of Aboriginal oppression the natives were, and still are, associated with many false and insensitive racist prejudices. More recently, only in 2008, an official apology was finally released by Australia’s then Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. PM Rudd gave a four minute apology followed by a 20 minute speech recounting many events and stories of victims. The apology was addressed to all aborigines and most importantly, the stolen generations. To the mothers and fathers, the brothers and sisters, for the breaking up of families and communities, we say sorry. And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted upon a proud people and proud culture, we say sorry. † Mr. Rudd finished his speech with this closing statement before receiving a standing ovation (New York Times, Johnson). Although this apology demonstrates how most of Australia is ready to continue evolving and move on from all the oppression, a study conducted in 2008 found that â€Å"Australians in general are welcoming of diversity, but some 1 in 10 Australians still hold racist views†. The results of that study illustrate how oppression and racism, although tremendously improved, will most likely always be present in Australia’s society (Racism in Australia, Shah. Though the journey has not been easy, the proud aboriginal natives of Australia now have a tale to tell about their fight against oppression lasting two centuries. As they reencounter their battles against small pox epidemics and for land and rights, they will not be remembering their pains and sufferings, but celebrating their strength and determination to have overcome this mogul in Australian history.

Information Technology Essay

Management is the backbone of an organization and information technology today is at heart of a business plan. Information technology has bridge the way between organizational operations with external environment. This process has facilitated the pace of activities and lessens the time needed to carry out these operations amplifying the revenues manifolds. The rise of information economies has boosted the global trade and fueled the need of new business processes and models which will be effective to manage information. IT is an important part of decision making process as available information is a base to decision making. Electronic enabling of information transfer has brought together the suppliers, intermediaries, retailers, customers and external groups which react to customer demands and change right away. (Martin, Silvia, Thomas , 2009) The integration of IT has reduced the business expenditure many times by reducing workforce and unnecessary activities of business. The IT has modified the firms in to digital instead of traditional firms. The complete digitalization of firms is still a vision still not obtained. These digital firms are quick in response and sense changes in environment faster. The flexibility to change has heated the level of competition and prosperity. Information systems are primary management tool. The management invests heavily in its information systems which are system of logistics which is supply chain management of products and service, system for customer relationship management, Executive support and knowledge management system. These systems provide integration digitally. The role of IT Manager in an Organization  The functions of management are planning, control, coordination, decision making which are immensely influenced by information technology. This paper determines that the processing of information is for sake of perking up an organizations overall performance and production of profits. It helps manager pinpoint problems and finds alternating solutions by automation of complex subjects, innovation and development of new products. Computer based information systems depend upon software and hardware technology for progression and circulation of information. Information produces business value that adds to strategic position of an organization. Information value chain is critical to every business for which it has managers who have task to plan, implement and monitor the flow of this value chain of information. It is of importance as the changes in technology are dynamic to react and workout the change is the responsibility of the managers. Managers must understand the dimensions of information technology as they are necessary for decision making. This paper discusses the perceived role of an information technology manager at Magnum Enterprise. The role of an IT manager at Magnum Enterprise is technically to supervise networking, training and maintenance, execution of internal systems, asset management and being a leader who believes in teamwork, innovation and management with communicative qualities to make things work internally and externally for an organization. He supports in the scheduling and execution of trimmings, removal and maintaining amendments to the sustaining infrastructure. He sees the execution of networks security, supervision of administration and maintenance of computer stations and software’s. He initiates business training programs and provides extra assistance if necessary. He supervises troubleshooting, system support, archiving, failure improvement and offer specialist support when required while also working with venture group to help employ Internal Systems. (Pearlson and Cash, October 18, 2004). Communication Management: Manager reacts to rising help desk concerns. He cooperates with in-house customers on all elevations to help resolve IT-related matters and present solutions in an opportune way. He also put together, keeps vendor association and controls the procurement of hardware and software items for consumption. He also guarantees that corporation possessions are consistently preserved; make possible group conference successfully and regularly holding status meetings with group. The group should be up to date on changes inside the organization. He successfully communicates significant IT information to directors with resolving issues with a sensible approach. He tactfully communicates delicate information, instigate and implement enhancement in all of IT tasks. He has the key role to motivate colleagues to achieve goals and track dissimilarity. A manager should be managing change and innovation. A manager identifies chance for enhancement and craft beneficial implication for change. He manages the course of innovative transformation successfully and is on the obverse of promising industry practices. He constantly recognizes all group member contributions and utilizing the prospective talents to full. He is able to diminish conflict and communication problems between group mates. He is able to measure performance, provide training and learning experience to subordinates. He follows standard operating procedures in conducting the operations. He focuses on minimizing cost and maximizing results. He keeps up with arising IT risks, challenges and provide alternative solutions. (Pearlson and Cash, October 18, 2004). Managers need to apt to different approaches to work out information system demands. These approaches are technical and behavioral that stimulates the IT infrastructure. There is always a need to upgrade the technologies by managers as these technologies are needed for global connectivity and collaboration. IT has somewhat flattened the organization levels which is changing management role and has almost alienated work from site. The utilization of networks like internet to help connect organization with World Wide Web, intranet which stimulates within organization operations and extranet which connects with other organization digitally by managers and taskforce has reorganized work flow creating more flexibility in organization. IT has flourished inter-organizational system for trading vast variety of goods and services. Managers at different levels use diverse kind of information systems to perform their daily tasks. There are six such information system which help keep up with global flow of information. These Information systems cater four managerial level systems which are operational, knowledge management and strategic level systems covering all functional areas of business which can be categorized as market and sale management, production and manufacturing management, management finance and accounts management, and human resource management. Managers at different levels in an organization use these systems for assistance. The five corresponding systems which may serve different levels of Magnum Enterprise are executive support system (ESS), management information system (MIS), decision support system (DSS), knowledge working system (KWS) at operational level and transaction processing system (TPS). These systems are essential to effective business management. Transactional processing system: It serves the operational level of organization. It records daily transaction necessary to conduct business activities. It may include payrolls and shipment transactions. Information System goals at this level are well structured already defined and result of repeated known procedures. The challenge related to TPS is that it is least supervised system but is core to business and any defaults in it may cause heavy losses to business in long term. This system generates information for other kind of systems as is exposed to external environment more than any other system. Knowledge work and office system: The role of this system is to assist knowledge or data workers. Its main aim is to create new knowledge and its expertise is well integrated in the system. This system communicates with external surroundings directly; for instance the customers are its direct interaction from where it collects information for internal use. Management information system: This system transforms data from TPS that is worth reporting to senior management. It is primarily internal to organization and is not flexible with modest diagnostic competence. It is used to summaries operational level activities and there relation to managerial goals. Decision support system: It is used to make unique decision on rapid change at managerial level. These are not structured and defined but depend upon information analysis. It is interactive, analytically powerful system which uses information provided by TPS and MIS. Executive support system: It’s a senior management level decision making system. It’s utilization is non routine decisions of assessment, judgment and greater sensitivity. It also input data from MIS and DSS. The system is to design new set of procedures, policies and driving solutions for variety of problems. All these systems are interlinked to each other, support each other for input and decision making process of managers. It is important for organization to effectively use them in a right set to get results and obtain better performance. The enterprise resource planning (ERP) is used to combine all systems as one but it has a short coming that’s difficult to build. This system brings the flow of information which will be available to all; its integration of all internal functional business processes system links which are complex and expensive. It has ability to give the whole picture of the organization. This system is also enhanced to link to the systems of vendors, supplier and retailers. Managers use it in management of their supply chain and managing value relation with customer. Management of supply chain: Supply chain management is effective to management of supply chain is valuable to lessen the warehouse or storage need. There must be no requirement to maintain stock in bulk as an automated system will itself record the need of supply of inventory and availability of the product to the end user. It lessens the burden of complicated steps; delays involved along the way and decrease the expenses. It manages the upstream to downstream. The problem it has is the bullwhip effect which alters the supply process. It uses systems for supply chain execution and planning. On other hand mangers must make use of collaborative commerce in which multiple organization work together towards attainment of goals throughout product lifecycles. Customer relationship Management: Customer relationship management is related to achieving strategic plans by merging all information available to the business processes. It tells how loyal is the customer and what value the customer has to the business. Knowledge management system creates value which is indefinable. Knowledge management system is used to discover, distribute, share and create knowledge to integrate in organization. All systems facilitate virtual movement of goods and services. There are ten essential grounds that will decide Magnum Enterprise organization success. Prior to getting to the five chief challenges in front of managers. When there is a concern, trouble, and collapse anywhere in the organization; the whole thing that arises might not have direct link with a firm’s culture but more significantly depends upon behavioral rewarding. Successful management is not about the newest trend. It is about a primary expectation, high opinion for public and treats them accordingly. Reliability and moral values should be basis of decisions. Valuable and dynamic employees must be seen as development of human reserve which should be considered as investment not an expense. It’s the duty of the administration to create encouraging environment where people are willing to take responsibility for what they do. The five major challenges are all cultural and political within the hierarchy of a firm. The policies and standard operating procedures affect the way everyone performs. It’s essential that managers know that the performance indicators will reflect the firms incentive granting measures. Managerial behavioral management most likely affirms that the behavior is tolerable. There is need to monitor the culture that is making the behavior rewarding as must be aspired. Communicative technique which is buzz, word of mouth, memorandum, emails, conference, character analysis sessions and official statement boards all commune information efficiently and appropriately. When contact is of vertical nature in the firm, it is definite that you are not even near to certainty of your organization, market, consumers or dealers. One of the key challenges is to communicate all the strategic plans and decisions into workable operations of the firm. The firm must conduct undisclosed surveys to assess the views of employees of the firm. Decisions made devoid of bottom-up response will have less than expected outcome. A feedback mechanism in which Employees would like to identify how they are performing. Failure to give them the response will keep them in shadow concerning the measurement of performance. The circumstances that impact the function of manager are unique age groups, cultural diversity, and technology, international market, ethical principles, stress, autonomy, choice of consumption goods, unskilled human resource and making swift changes. Challenges of Information Technology Management: The information systems for managerial end consumer represent Promotion of efficient choice is essential for developing viable products to have edge over competitors in market. It also helps in cost of sustaining business with available resources. Misleading or unsorted information determine success and loss factor creating inappropriate functioning of information technology and overall business. The success factors could be involvement of the user, senior management support, clear goals and mission with strategic plan having attainable expectations. On the other hand reason of failure can be insufficient input, no specified roles, change, no support role of senior management and at large technological ineffectiveness Developing unbeaten information decision to business query is test to managers. – (Pour, 2003) Managers are responsible for recommending, mounting innovative or enhanced exercise of information systems for company. Information system supported by computer use virtually executed and planned development process. Foremost actions must be expertise of staff in IS development. The information system should be financially and technologically viable when in planning stage of users and experts developing it. It’s of utmost importance to the managers that the system they employ, improve and maintain business value while application of little software’s in the system. The main challenges of IT is maintaining ethical goodness while use of technology around the globe. The IT uses that might look inappropriate and negligent are following- what is the use of information resources, protection from cyber crime and other defaults of IT. The goal of international information society is the profitable use of managed information reserves while achieving strategic goals of organizations. Information systems are used to find more competent, cost-effective and socially liable tricks to utilize world’s scarce economic resources. In line with other challenges one of the major challenges is career growth when there is an attractive job market for technology employment but most surveys show that many individuals are incompetent. Still there is a boom in IT staff hiring market as the firms have increased the use of information manifolds. Information systems function represents: functional area of business that is as important to business success as the functions of market and sale management, production and manufacturing management, finance and accounts management, and managing human resource. It’s an important contribution to operational competence, employee productivity and morale, and customer service. It’s a major source of information and support needed to promote effective decision making by managers and business professionals. It’s a component in developing competitive products and services that provides organization a strategic gain in the international market. It is also worthwhile and difficult career chance for millions. It is of utmost importance to see systems from functional prospective as it serves all organizational levels and impact the e- business. Pour, 2003) The sales and marketing evaluate the trend analysis, judge competitor’s performance and support market analysis through research. All this is monitored through the information systems described above. In a same way accounting and finance systems provide a right mix of tools that can be used to maximize wealth. It also enables to track flow of funds using knowledge base information system. We see that supply chain management system helps to continue product operations smoothly. It’s possible as the deficiency of goods and raw inventory is tracked and is efficiently met.

Shianne Buie Professor Hairr PHI 215-FN1 December Essays

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